diff --git a/src/creport.c b/src/creport.c
index d16f87f22..fd307c5ec 100644
--- a/src/creport.c
+++ b/src/creport.c
@@ -1558,7 +1558,7 @@ report_computer(const char *filename, report_context * ctx, const char *bom)
             translate(prefix, LOC(f->locale, prefix)));
     }
     fprintf(F, "%d;Rekrutierungskosten\n", f->race->recruitcost);
-    fprintf(F, "%d;Anzahl Personen\n", count_all(f));
+    fprintf(F, "%d;Anzahl Personen\n", f->num_people);
     fprintf(F, "\"%s\";Magiegebiet\n", magic_school[f->magiegebiet]);
 
     if (rc_changed(&rc_cache)) {
diff --git a/src/give.c b/src/give.c
index 0f1c56c39..1265ab169 100644
--- a/src/give.c
+++ b/src/give.c
@@ -533,6 +533,23 @@ void give_unit(unit * u, unit * u2, order * ord)
             }
         }
         return;
+    } else {
+        int err = checkunitnumber(u2->faction, 1);
+        if (err) {
+            if (err == 1) {
+                ADDMSG(&u->faction->msgs,
+                    msg_feedback(u, ord,
+                        "too_many_units_in_alliance",
+                        "allowed", rule_alliance_limit()));
+            }
+            else {
+                ADDMSG(&u->faction->msgs,
+                    msg_feedback(u, ord,
+                        "too_many_units_in_faction",
+                        "allowed", rule_faction_limit()));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
     }
 
     if (!alliedunit(u2, u->faction, HELP_GIVE) && ucontact(u2, u) == 0) {
diff --git a/src/give.test.c b/src/give.test.c
index 1767dec36..33a9ebfd9 100644
--- a/src/give.test.c
+++ b/src/give.test.c
@@ -54,26 +54,12 @@ static void setup_give(struct give *env) {
     }
 }
 
-static void test_give_unit_to_peasants(CuTest * tc) {
-    struct give env = { 0 };
-    test_setup_ex(tc);
-    env.f1 = test_create_faction(0);
-    env.f2 = 0;
-    setup_give(&env);
-    rsetpeasants(env.r, 0);
-    give_unit(env.src, NULL, NULL);
-    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 0, env.src->number);
-    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 1, rpeasants(env.r));
-    test_cleanup();
-}
-
 static void test_give_unit(CuTest * tc) {
     struct give env = { 0 };
     test_setup_ex(tc);
     env.f1 = test_create_faction(0);
     env.f2 = test_create_faction(0);
     setup_give(&env);
-    env.r->terrain = test_create_terrain("ocean", SEA_REGION);
     config_set("rules.give.max_men", "0");
     give_unit(env.src, env.dst, NULL);
     CuAssertPtrEquals(tc, env.f1, env.src->faction);
@@ -88,7 +74,38 @@ static void test_give_unit(CuTest * tc) {
     test_cleanup();
 }
 
-static void test_give_unit_in_ocean(CuTest * tc) {
+static void test_give_unit_limits(CuTest * tc) {
+    struct give env = { 0 };
+    test_setup_ex(tc);
+    env.f1 = test_create_faction(0);
+    env.f2 = test_create_faction(0);
+    setup_give(&env);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 1, env.f1->num_units);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 1, env.f2->num_units);
+    config_set("rules.limit.faction", "1");
+    give_unit(env.src, env.dst, NULL);
+    CuAssertPtrEquals(tc, env.f1, env.src->faction);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 0, env.f2->newbies);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 1, env.f1->num_units);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 1, env.f2->num_units);
+    CuAssertPtrNotNull(tc, test_find_messagetype(env.f1->msgs, "too_many_units_in_faction"));
+    test_cleanup();
+}
+
+static void test_give_unit_to_peasants(CuTest * tc) {
+    struct give env = { 0 };
+    test_setup_ex(tc);
+    env.f1 = test_create_faction(0);
+    env.f2 = 0;
+    setup_give(&env);
+    rsetpeasants(env.r, 0);
+    give_unit(env.src, NULL, NULL);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 0, env.src->number);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 1, rpeasants(env.r));
+    test_cleanup();
+}
+
+static void test_give_unit_to_ocean(CuTest * tc) {
     struct give env = { 0 };
     test_setup_ex(tc);
     env.f1 = test_create_faction(0);
@@ -429,7 +446,8 @@ CuSuite *get_give_suite(void)
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_give_men_requires_contact);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_give_men_not_to_self);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_give_unit);
-    SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_give_unit_in_ocean);
+    SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_give_unit_limits);
+    SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_give_unit_to_ocean);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_give_unit_to_peasants);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_give_peasants);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_give_herbs);
diff --git a/src/kernel/alliance.c b/src/kernel/alliance.c
index 0feb8407d..910670d10 100644
--- a/src/kernel/alliance.c
+++ b/src/kernel/alliance.c
@@ -239,8 +239,25 @@ static void perform_transfer(void)
     }
 }
 
+bool num_units_cb(void *entry, void *more) {
+    faction *f = (faction *)entry;
+    int *num = (int *)more;
+    *num += f->num_units;
+    return true;
+}
+
+int alliance_size(const alliance *al)
+{
+    int num = 0;
+    if (al) {
+        selist_foreach_ex(al->members, num_units_cb, &num);
+    }
+    return num;
+}
+
 static void perform_join(void)
 {
+    int alimit = rule_alliance_limit();
     alliance_transaction **tap = transactions + ALLIANCE_JOIN;
     while (*tap) {
         alliance_transaction *ta = *tap;
@@ -270,7 +287,16 @@ static void perform_join(void)
                     ti = *tip;
                 }
                 if (ti) {
-                    setalliance(fj, al);
+                    int maxsize = (alimit > 0) ? (alimit - alliance_size(al)) : 0;
+                    if (alimit > 0 && fj->num_units > maxsize) {
+                        ADDMSG(&fj->msgs,
+                            msg_feedback(ta->u, ta->ord,
+                                "too_many_units_in_alliance",
+                                "allowed", alimit));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        setalliance(fj, al);
+                    }
                     *tip = ti->next;
                     free(ti);
                 }
diff --git a/src/kernel/alliance.h b/src/kernel/alliance.h
index 8e112e8c9..00b4b29e4 100644
--- a/src/kernel/alliance.h
+++ b/src/kernel/alliance.h
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ extern "C" {
     struct faction *alliance_get_leader(struct alliance *al);
     void alliance_cmd(void);
     bool is_allied(const struct faction *f1, const struct faction *f2);
-
+    int alliance_size(const struct alliance *al); /* #units in the alliance */
     void alliance_setname(alliance * self, const char *name);
     /* execute commands */
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/alliance.test.c b/src/kernel/alliance.test.c
index f63767672..885bc8413 100644
--- a/src/kernel/alliance.test.c
+++ b/src/kernel/alliance.test.c
@@ -112,6 +112,29 @@ static void test_alliance_cmd(CuTest *tc) {
     test_cleanup();
 }
 
+static void test_alliance_limits(CuTest *tc) {
+    unit *u1, *u2;
+    struct region *r;
+
+    test_setup();
+    r = test_create_region(0, 0, 0);
+    u1 = test_create_unit(test_create_faction(0), r);
+    u2 = test_create_unit(test_create_faction(0), r);
+
+    config_set("rules.limit.alliance", "1");
+    unit_addorder(u1, create_order(K_ALLIANCE, u1->faction->locale, "%s %s", alliance_kwd[ALLIANCE_NEW], itoa36(42)));
+    unit_addorder(u1, create_order(K_ALLIANCE, u1->faction->locale, "%s %s", alliance_kwd[ALLIANCE_INVITE], itoa36(u2->faction->no)));
+    unit_addorder(u2, create_order(K_ALLIANCE, u1->faction->locale, "%s %s", alliance_kwd[ALLIANCE_JOIN], itoa36(42)));
+    CuAssertTrue(tc, !is_allied(u1->faction, u2->faction));
+    CuAssertPtrEquals(tc, 0, f_get_alliance(u1->faction));
+    alliance_cmd();
+    CuAssertPtrNotNull(tc, f_get_alliance(u1->faction));
+    CuAssertPtrEquals(tc, 0, f_get_alliance(u2->faction));
+    CuAssertTrue(tc, !is_allied(u1->faction, u2->faction));
+    CuAssertPtrNotNull(tc, test_find_messagetype(u2->faction->msgs, "too_many_units_in_alliance"));
+    test_cleanup();
+}
+
 static void test_alliance_cmd_kick(CuTest *tc) {
     unit *u1, *u2;
     struct region *r;
@@ -200,6 +223,7 @@ CuSuite *get_alliance_suite(void)
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_alliance_dead_faction);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_alliance_make);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_alliance_join);
+    SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_alliance_limits);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_alliance_cmd);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_alliance_cmd_no_invite);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_alliance_cmd_kick);
diff --git a/src/kernel/faction.c b/src/kernel/faction.c
index 139474048..03cea282f 100755
--- a/src/kernel/faction.c
+++ b/src/kernel/faction.c
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ int count_faction(const faction * f, int flags)
     int n = 0;
     for (u = f->units; u; u = u->nextF) {
         const race *rc = u_race(u);
-        int x = (flags&COUNT_UNITS) ? 1 : u->number;
+        int x = u->number;
         if (f->race != rc) {
             if (!playerrace(rc)) {
                 if (flags&COUNT_MONSTERS) {
@@ -732,16 +732,6 @@ int count_faction(const faction * f, int flags)
     return n;
 }
 
-int count_units(const faction * f)
-{
-    return count_faction(f, COUNT_ALL | COUNT_UNITS);
-}
-
-int count_all(const faction * f)
-{
-    return count_faction(f, COUNT_ALL);
-}
-
 int count_migrants(const faction * f)
 {
     return count_faction(f, COUNT_MIGRANTS);
@@ -752,7 +742,7 @@ int count_maxmigrants(const faction * f)
     int formula = rc_migrants_formula(f->race);
 
     if (formula == MIGRANTS_LOG10) {
-        int nsize = count_all(f);
+        int nsize = f->num_people;
         if (nsize > 0) {
             int x = (int)(log10(nsize / 50.0) * 20);
             if (x < 0) x = 0;
diff --git a/src/kernel/faction.h b/src/kernel/faction.h
index 0a0ac39d6..9b290e5da 100644
--- a/src/kernel/faction.h
+++ b/src/kernel/faction.h
@@ -77,13 +77,11 @@ extern "C" {
         magic_t magiegebiet;
         int newbies;
         int num_people;             /* Anzahl Personen ohne Monster */
-        int num_total;              /* Anzahl Personen mit Monstern */
+        int num_units;
         int options;
-        int no_units;
         struct ally *allies; /* alliedgroup and others should check sf.faction.alive before using a faction from f.allies */
         struct group *groups; /* alliedgroup and others should check sf.faction.alive before using a faction from f.groups */
         int nregions;
-        int money;
         score_t score;
         struct alliance *alliance;
         int alliance_joindate;      /* the turn on which the faction joined its current alliance (or left the last one) */
@@ -166,14 +164,10 @@ extern "C" {
 #define COUNT_MONSTERS 0x01
 #define COUNT_MIGRANTS 0x02
 #define COUNT_DEFAULT  0x04
-#define COUNT_ALL      0x07
-#define COUNT_UNITS    0x10
 
     int count_faction(const struct faction * f, int flags);
     int count_migrants(const struct faction * f);
     int count_maxmigrants(const struct faction * f);
-    int count_all(const struct faction * f);
-    int count_units(const struct faction * f);
     int max_magicians(const struct faction * f);
 
     struct faction *getfaction(void);
diff --git a/src/kernel/save.c b/src/kernel/save.c
index e487737f9..5be078d8a 100644
--- a/src/kernel/save.c
+++ b/src/kernel/save.c
@@ -657,10 +657,7 @@ unit *read_unit(struct gamedata *data)
     if (f != u->faction) {
         u_setfaction(u, f);
     }
-    if (u->faction) {
-        ++u->faction->no_units;
-    }
-    else {
+    if (!u->faction) {
         log_error("unit %s has faction == NULL", itoa36(u->no));
         return 0;
     }
diff --git a/src/kernel/unit.c b/src/kernel/unit.c
index 595accba2..2239cf81b 100644
--- a/src/kernel/unit.c
+++ b/src/kernel/unit.c
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ void u_setfaction(unit * u, faction * f)
     if (u->faction == f)
         return;
     if (u->faction) {
-        --u->faction->no_units;
+        --u->faction->num_units;
         set_number(u, 0);
         join_group(u, NULL);
         free_orders(&u->orders);
@@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ void u_setfaction(unit * u, faction * f)
         set_number(u, cnt);
     }
     if (f) {
-        ++f->no_units;
+        ++f->num_units;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1581,7 +1581,7 @@ unit *create_unit(region * r, faction * f, int number, const struct race *urace,
 
 int maxheroes(const struct faction *f)
 {
-    int nsize = count_all(f);
+    int nsize = f->num_people;
     if (nsize == 0)
         return 0;
     else {
diff --git a/src/laws.c b/src/laws.c
index 5b4c5971b..736510cd2 100644
--- a/src/laws.c
+++ b/src/laws.c
@@ -1279,8 +1279,8 @@ static void remove_idle_players(void)
             }
             else if (turn != f->lastorders) {
                 char info[256];
-                sprintf(info, "%d Einheiten, %d Personen, %d Silber",
-                    f->no_units, f->num_total, f->money);
+                sprintf(info, "%d Einheiten, %d Personen",
+                    f->num_units, f->num_people);
             }
             fp = &f->next;
         }
@@ -2519,7 +2519,7 @@ int promotion_cmd(unit * u, struct order *ord)
             u_race(u)));
         return 0;
     }
-    people = count_all(u->faction) * u->number;
+    people = u->faction->num_people * u->number;
     money = get_pooled(u, rsilver, GET_ALL, people);
 
     if (people > money) {
@@ -3020,8 +3020,7 @@ static int maxunits(const faction * f)
 int checkunitnumber(const faction * f, int add)
 {
     int alimit, flimit;
-    int flags = COUNT_DEFAULT | COUNT_MIGRANTS | COUNT_UNITS;
-    int fno = count_faction(f, flags) + add;
+    int fno = f->num_units + add;
     flimit = rule_faction_limit();
     if (flimit && fno > flimit) {
         return 2;
@@ -3029,22 +3028,10 @@ int checkunitnumber(const faction * f, int add)
 
     alimit = rule_alliance_limit();
     if (alimit) {
-        /* if unitsperalliance is true, maxunits returns the
-         number of units allowed in an alliance */
-        faction *f2;
-        int unitsinalliance = fno;
-        if (unitsinalliance > alimit) {
+        int unitsinalliance = alliance_size(f->alliance);
+        if (unitsinalliance + add > alimit) {
             return 1;
         }
-
-        for (f2 = factions; f2; f2 = f2->next) {
-            if (f != f2 && f->alliance == f2->alliance) {
-                unitsinalliance += count_faction(f2, flags);
-                if (unitsinalliance > alimit) {
-                    return 1;
-                }
-            }
-        }
     }
 
     return 0;
@@ -4285,12 +4272,18 @@ void update_subscriptions(void)
     fclose(F);
 }
 
-bool
-cansee(const faction * f, const region * r, const unit * u, int modifier)
-/* r kann != u->region sein, wenn es um Durchreisen geht,
+/** determine if unit can be seen by faction
+ * @param f -- the observiong faction
+ * @param u -- the unit that is observed
+ * @param r -- the region that u is obesrved in (see below)
+ * @param m -- terrain modifier to stealth
+ * 
+ * r kann != u->region sein, wenn es um Durchreisen geht,
  * oder Zauber (sp_generous, sp_fetchastral).
  * Es muss auch niemand aus f in der region sein, wenn sie vom Turm
  * erblickt wird */
+bool
+cansee(const faction * f, const region * r, const unit * u, int modifier)
 {
     int stealth, rings;
     unit *u2 = r->units;
diff --git a/src/laws.h b/src/laws.h
index 090d2b978..7f1385483 100755
--- a/src/laws.h
+++ b/src/laws.h
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ extern "C" {
     void turn_process(void);
     void turn_end(void);
 
+    int checkunitnumber(const struct faction * f, int add);
     void new_units(void);
     void defaultorders(void);
     void quit(void);
diff --git a/src/laws.test.c b/src/laws.test.c
index 937754988..e8391b67c 100644
--- a/src/laws.test.c
+++ b/src/laws.test.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "monsters.h"
 
 #include <kernel/ally.h>
+#include <kernel/alliance.h>
 #include <kernel/config.h>
 #include <kernel/building.h>
 #include <kernel/faction.h>
@@ -427,7 +428,51 @@ static void test_unit_limit(CuTest * tc)
     test_cleanup();
 }
 
-extern int checkunitnumber(const faction * f, int add);
+static void test_limit_new_units(CuTest * tc)
+{
+    faction *f;
+    unit *u;
+    alliance *al;
+
+    test_setup();
+    al = makealliance(1, "Hodor");
+    f = test_create_faction(NULL);
+    u = test_create_unit(f, test_create_region(0, 0, NULL));
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 1, f->num_units);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 1, f->num_people);
+    scale_number(u, 10);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 10, f->num_people);
+    config_set("rules.limit.faction", "2");
+
+    u->orders = create_order(K_MAKETEMP, f->locale, "1");
+    new_units();
+    CuAssertPtrNotNull(tc, u->next);
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 2, f->num_units);
+
+    new_units();
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 2, f->num_units);
+    CuAssertPtrNotNull(tc, test_find_messagetype(f->msgs, "too_many_units_in_faction"));
+
+    setalliance(f, al);
+
+    config_set("rules.limit.faction", "3");
+    config_set("rules.limit.alliance", "2");
+
+    new_units();
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 2, f->num_units);
+    CuAssertPtrNotNull(tc, test_find_messagetype(f->msgs, "too_many_units_in_alliance"));
+
+    config_set("rules.limit.alliance", "3");
+    u = test_create_unit(test_create_faction(NULL), u->region);
+    setalliance(u->faction, al);
+
+    new_units();
+    CuAssertIntEquals(tc, 2, f->num_units);
+    CuAssertPtrNotNull(tc, test_find_messagetype(f->msgs, "too_many_units_in_alliance"));
+
+    test_cleanup();
+}
+
 static void test_cannot_create_unit_above_limit(CuTest * tc)
 {
     faction *f;
@@ -1535,6 +1580,7 @@ CuSuite *get_laws_suite(void)
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_fishing_does_not_give_goblins_money);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_fishing_gets_reset);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_unit_limit);
+    SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_limit_new_units);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_update_guards);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_newbie_cannot_guard);
     SUITE_ADD_TEST(suite, test_unarmed_cannot_guard);
diff --git a/src/modules/score.c b/src/modules/score.c
index 0776d6507..efb3465d4 100644
--- a/src/modules/score.c
+++ b/src/modules/score.c
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ void score(void)
         faction *f;
         fwrite(utf8_bom, 1, 3, scoreFP);
         for (f = factions; f; f = f->next)
-            if (!fval(f, FFL_NPC) && f->num_total != 0) {
+            if (!fval(f, FFL_NPC) && f->num_people != 0) {
                 char score[32];
                 write_score(score, sizeof(score), f->score);
                 fprintf(scoreFP, "%s ", score);
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ void score(void)
                     if (f->alliance && f->alliance == a) {
                         alliance_factions++;
                         alliance_score += f->score;
-                        alliance_number += f->num_total;
+                        alliance_number += f->num_people;
                         if (token != NULL) {
                             unit *u = f->units;
                             while (u != NULL) {
diff --git a/src/report.c b/src/report.c
index 2f8ba7bce..dbcf54ff1 100644
--- a/src/report.c
+++ b/src/report.c
@@ -2106,14 +2106,8 @@ report_plaintext(const char *filename, report_context * ctx,
         RENDER(f, buf, sizeof(buf), ("nr_score", "score average", score, avg));
         centre(out, buf, true);
     }
-    no_units = count_units(f);
-    no_people = count_all(f);
-    if (f->flags & FFL_NPC) {
-        no_people = f->num_total;
-    }
-    else {
-        no_people = f->num_people;
-    }
+    no_units = f->num_units;
+    no_people = f->num_people;
     m = msg_message("nr_population", "population units limit", no_people, no_units, rule_faction_limit());
     nr_render(m, f->locale, buf, sizeof(buf), f);
     msg_release(m);
diff --git a/src/summary.c b/src/summary.c
index 32416a263..71bb30efc 100644
--- a/src/summary.c
+++ b/src/summary.c
@@ -129,15 +129,15 @@ static char *rcomp(int i, int j)
 static void out_faction(FILE * file, const struct faction *f)
 {
     if (alliances != NULL) {
-        fprintf(file, "%s (%s/%d) (%.3s/%.3s), %d Einh., %d Pers., $%d, %d NMR\n",
+        fprintf(file, "%s (%s/%d) (%.3s/%.3s), %d Einh., %d Pers., %d NMR\n",
             f->name, itoa36(f->no), f_get_alliance(f) ? f->alliance->id : 0,
             LOC(default_locale, rc_name_s(f->race, NAME_SINGULAR)), magic_school[f->magiegebiet],
-            count_units(f), f->num_total, f->money, turn - f->lastorders);
+            f->num_units, f->num_people, turn - f->lastorders);
     }
     else {
-        fprintf(file, "%s (%.3s/%.3s), %d Einh., %d Pers., $%d, %d NMR\n",
+        fprintf(file, "%s (%.3s/%.3s), %d Einh., %d Pers., %d NMR\n",
             factionname(f), LOC(default_locale, rc_name_s(f->race, NAME_SINGULAR)),
-            magic_school[f->magiegebiet], count_units(f), f->num_total, f->money,
+            magic_school[f->magiegebiet], f->num_units, f->num_people,
             turn - f->lastorders);
     }
 }
@@ -394,8 +394,7 @@ summary *make_summary(void)
         }
         ++plang->number;
         f->nregions = 0;
-        f->num_total = 0;
-        f->money = 0;
+        f->num_people = 0;
         if (f->units) {
             s->factions++;
             /* Problem mit Monsterpartei ... */
@@ -477,8 +476,7 @@ summary *make_summary(void)
                     }
                 }
 
-                f->num_total += u->number;
-                f->money += get_money(u);
+                f->num_people += u->number;
                 orace = (int)old_race(u_race(u));
                 if (orace >= 0) {
                     s->poprace[orace] += u->number;